Bollywood
The term Bollywood, Hollywood and Bombay merger means the popular cinema in Hindi and occasionally in Urdu, with specific characteristics that differentiate it from both the Hindi cinema of the author that other Indian film industries (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Bengali), equally rich in annual production of films and talent in various fields of filmmaking.
Early
Cinema is coming to India in 1896 - the year which is attributed the invention of cinema - Held screenings of films that reflect a moving train and similar scenes. Projectors were soon sorted and various types of machinery. In 1913, the film is made mythological Dhundiraj Govind Phalke's Raja Harishchandra.
that mythology becomes the most popular genre of silent film, although there is evidence of gender as a social Gun Sundari in 1927, the background music was provided by musicians in theaters, their presence aroused the public's desire to accompany Somehow the rhythm of the music. The best-known diva of Hindi cinema in this period is Devika Rani. Even then you have to collaborate with European directors, such as that of Franz Osten, German, and Niranjan Pal.
The first sound film released in 1931, directed by Ardeshir Irani: Alam Ara is the title of which unfortunately did not receive copies.
Around the thirties began to rise to the first film studios, the most important were the New Theatres of Calcutta, Prabhat in the city of Pune and Bombay Talkies. Two important filmmakers of this period, Bose Debaki Pramathesh Chandra Barua and working in the studio New Theatres. As for Bombay Talkies, had a great importance for the Indian cinema, here formed as actors Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor.
By the end of the decade gave way to the studios production companies created by the same director, born RK Raj Films Kapoor and Mehboob Productions directed by Mehboob Khan.
Golden Age
The period from the forties to the sixties is indicated by critics and scholars as the era of the golden years of Hindi cinema. These are the years of the personalities, the stars and the divas that still constitute a model for young artists.
As for the actors, three names stand out on the other: Dev Anand and often performer of detective noir, Dilip Kumar with his particular style and tragic tones soft and Raj Kapoor, also known as a director and producer who is considered one of the most important personalities of Bollywood; interpreter instance and problematiche di una società che subiva una importante transizione, con l’esodo verso le città di grandi masse di contadini. Ha raccontato le ansie e i sogni dell’India di Jawaharlal Nehru, ma anche la disillusione che ne seguì.
I film di questo periodo hanno la capacità di tenere insieme il migliore senso melodrammatico del cinema hindi, di cui è esempio Guru Dutt oltre al già citato Raj Kapoor, e le problematiche sociali di un paese che stava affrontando grandi cambiamenti, raccontati magistralmente dal regista Bimal Roy.
Al tempo stesso era questo il periodo che ha conosciuto alcune delle più belle voci dell’India come Mohamed Rafi e Lata Mangeshkar; musicisti di livello come Rahul Dev Burman and Naushad, who died recently.
were the years of great divas (often from Muslim families), which represented models of elegance, beauty and modernity also: Nargis, Waheeda Rehman, Vijayantimala, Nutan, Meena Kumari and many others.
symbol of women were resourceful, courageous and sometimes tragic romantic heroines, however, icons with which the public was a great identification.
This effervescence of themes and talent but still in the sixties where there is a gradual distancing from the demands of the post independence, the public is more attracted to films in which overrides a lighter and cheerful, where the atmosphere remains romantica unita a un tratto un po’ anticonvenzionale, di cui fu maggiore interprete Shammi Kapoor. I suoi film erano freschi e spensierati, con trame avventurose e arricchiti da canzoni molto attraenti.
Shammi Kapoor con la sua aria un po' da guascone e un po' da cantante di rock and roll, incarnò alla perfezione lo spirito di quegli anni. Nei suoi film era spesso affiancato dall'attrice Sharmila Tagore, con cui realizzò vari successi.
Sharmila Tagore lavorò con un altro divo di quegli anni, Rajesh Khanna. Quest'ultimo per circa dodici anni scatenò una vera e propria isteria di massa, specialmente nel pubblico femminile. Era la quintessenza dell’eroe romantico, uno dei film che meglio esprime questo Its role is Amar Prem (Eternal Love). The era ended with a slow decline of pure romance, and soon Rajesh Khanna had to give way to what will become the icon of Hindi cinema.
heroes and rebels in the seventies
While corruption in Indian society and political turmoil were commonplace in the cinema began to be noticed that he embodied a new actor for a long time the young hero, from a class people, seeking justice against a corrupt and hostile power.
was born cinematic icon Amitabh Bachchan who captured the interest and affection of the public like few others. He was still una volta, l’immagine in cui potersi rispecchiare, l’uomo qualsiasi vittima di ingiustizie.
L’immagine di giovane ribelle di Amitabh Bachchan fu rafforzata da film diretti da Yash Chopra, anche se non sono mancate in quel periodo le occasioni di dimostrare la versatilità dell’attore: uno dei film che lo vede interprete insieme all’altra star di quegli anni, Dharmendra, è Chupke Chupke; una commedia esilarante sulle manie di un purista della lingua contrario a influssi non solo stranieri.
Amitabh Bachchan lavora anche per registi che seguono una linea più intimista come Hrishikesh Mukherjee, che oltre a Chupke Chupke realizza con Bachchan film delicati come Anand e Milli.
Towards the end of the decade comes Sholay (Flames), the film that finally delivers it to the history of cinema. Gradually, from the end of the decade, more and more films are characterized by violence and aggression. Part of the result, the female is no longer attracted to the offer film, this addition to the introduction of video cassettes and television series, contributes to the decline of the cinema of the eighties.
Indian cinema over the past decades the cinema often told the lower classes, in the nineties with the economic and technological changes, focuses its attention on the middle class and high heads especially for a younger audience.
are back to familiar themes of importance, the role of the girl and the redefinition of identity. The plots of the movies often tell the story of young lovers thwarted by their families, the duties of a spouse, etc..
The stories are set in beautiful homes and in places where they displayed the new social condition. In this decade of growing importance, also in terms of box office, Indians living abroad, the films begin to reflect the needs and expectations of this new audience.
The characters in these films move between traditional identity and confrontation with Western society, the models proposed to volte tradizionali, dato che prevale l’autorità paterna, la famiglia numerosa e le sue esigenze. Il tempio, le cerimonie e le feste tornano ad occupare un posto importante.
Questo orientamento continua in parte nell’ultimo decennio del secolo, le nuove star hanno caratteristiche estetiche e attoriali in grado di rappresentare, in modo credibile, l’immagine del giovane benestante, spigliato anche se fedele alla propria cultura. Sono gli anni di Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan e di attrici come Madhuri Dixit, Kajol, Rani Mukherjee e Aishwarya Rai. Le coreografie dei film uniscono elementi della cultura indiana con effetti visivi vicini ai video trasmessi da MTV.
Ma sono anche anni di innovazioni themes and techniques, attempting historical films as Asoka, produced and starring Shah Rukh Khan, Lagaan on the period of British occupation. These are the years of Mani Ratnam, one of the most innovative contemporary directors who realizes Dil Se, films on issues of terrorism, are produced films based on novels such as Parineeta, or in the case of the recent Rang De Basanti, which is the story of a group of boys suddenly faced the arrogance of power.
Music
The music and songs have always been an integral part of Indian popular culture, there is no time for socializing recurrence and stage of life where it is present. Accompanying the work in the vast rural areas and travelers on long journeys by train. It is important to remember that the two great epics of India traditional (Mahabarata and Ramayana) are always stored and transmitted in song.
addition to the traditional forms from the Hindu culture, there is a vast music production was born in Islamic environment. They are such as ghazal, qawwali, sufi chants and the important poetic works, in Urdu, mostly love content.
is not surprising, therefore, the importance of music and songs in Indian cinema. Always constitute a distinctive and essential element.
During the 100 years of cinema that have arisen acclaimed world-class musicians and lyricists. Another typical aspect is the use of singers who lend their voices to the actors in scenes of singing and dancing. The first to use playback singers in Debaki Bose was in 1934. Although this method has never been abandoned and, in fact, very few examples of actors who were both singers.
The songs are usually spread before the release of a film, are an important economic input for producers, with sales of CDs and cassettes have an initial gain on the money invested in the film. In addition, this creates a bond of recognition between the public and the film as to increase the chances of success.
Dance
Equally strong is dance, present in its traditional form like Bharatanatyam and Kathak south of the original state of Uttar Pradesh, although in most cases it is inspired by folkoristici dances and the various regions of India, often rural dances.
Another type is represented by the dances of courtesans of Islamic Courts (khota), whose major centers were in the city of Lucknow and Delhi. These could take their origin from the Hindu culture, but were passed in order to subtract any reference to the figures danced narrative the stories of mythology.
In una cinematografia che non ammette la rappresentazione esplicita della sessualità, le scene ballate sono un elemento per esprimere maggiormente il lato erotico, altre volte possono rappresentare una modalità per conoscere più a fondo l'universo emozionale di un personaggio. A volte, sono semplicemente uno stratagemma per digressioni che rendono la narrazione non lineare, caratteristica che, del resto, è presente anche in opere letterarie di scrittori indiani (basti pensare a un romanzo come Terra Rossa Pioggia Scrosciante di Vikram Chandra).
Scenari esotici
Da qualche decennio si assiste al fenomeno di registi che girano alcune scene in Europa; una delle scenografie di maggiore attendance is on the alpine landscape. The reason also has to do with the desire to include elements that may be exotic to the Indian public, but in fact the main reason is the impossibility to shoot scenes with the kind of landscapes in the state of Kashmir has long war scenario where you can no longer guarantee safety.
Another reason that led to Indian filmmakers to shoot scenes, if not entire movies abroad, is the overwhelming presence of Indian communities who live permanently in America, Europe or Australia. They represent a portion of the public in Bollywood and directors are increasingly trying to make films with plots and characters that are di interesse per quel tipo di pubblico. Tra i film più amati dagli indiani residenti all'estero possono essere ricordati: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Tomorrow May Never Come (Kal Ho Na Ho) e Salaam Namaste ambientati rispettivamente a Londra, New York e Australia.
Ultimamente Bollywood è sbarcata anche in Italia, dove le scene dell'ultimo film "Bachna Ae Haseeno”, che in hindi significa “Rimediare agli sbagli”, sono state girate tra Roma, Capri, Venezia, sulla costa Garganica di Mattinata (FG), precisamente presso la Baia dei Faraglioni dove le ultime struggenti scene del film hanno come sfondo i due monoliti garganici, Alberobello e Santa Cesarea Terme nel Salento. Il film è uscito nelle sale di tutto the world August 15, 2008, with great success.
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